California ASRT Supervisor and Operator (S&O) Practice Exam 2025 – Comprehensive All-in-One Guide to Exam Success!

Ionizing radiation can interact with various components within a cell, and the most significant interactions occur with both water molecules and DNA. Water is a major component of cells, comprising a substantial portion of their volume. When ionizing radiation passes through a cell, it can ionize water molecules, leading to the formation of free radicals. These free radicals can then damage vital cell structures, including DNA.

DNA is critical because it contains the genetic material necessary for cell function, replication, and repair. If ionizing radiation directly interacts with DNA, it can cause mutations or breaks in the DNA strands, which may lead to cell malfunction or death. The combined effect of radiation interacting with both water and DNA underscores the potential for significant biological damage, which is why this answer is considered correct.

Other components, such as lipids in cell membranes or the cell wall, may not be primary targets of ionizing radiation like water and DNA are. While these components can also be affected by indirect radiation effects, the primary concern in the context of cell damage is the interaction with water and DNA.